United States 

Benefits of Our Intensive Stroke Rehabilitation Program

1. Advanced Long-Term Spasticity Management
   Utilizing Crossed Spinal Cord Reflexes and Reticulospinal Up and Down Regulation (Brainstem)
   Benefits:

• Reduction in Muscle Spasticity: Improves muscle tone and flexibility.
• Enhanced Voluntary Movement: Better control over motor functions.
• Decreased Discomfort: Alleviates pain associated with spastic muscles.

• Gracies, J. M. (2020). Pathophysiology of spastic paresis. I: Paresis and soft tissue changes. Muscle & Nerve, 63(4), 423-432.
• Thibaut, A., Chatelle, C., Ziegler, E., Bruno, M. A., Laureys, S., & Gosseries, O. (2019). Spasticity after stroke: Physiology, assessment and treatment. Brain Injury, 33(9), 1098-1110.

2. Bilateral and Quadrupedal Training
   Stimulating Interlimb, Interhemispheric (Intercallosal), and Quadrupedal Coupling
   Benefits:

• Improved Neural Plasticity: Encourages new neural connections.
• Enhanced Coordination: Synchronizes limb movements.
• Accelerated Recovery: Promotes restoration of motor skills.

• Yao, J., Zheng, Y., & Wang, N. (2021). Bilateral training in stroke rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 86, 45-53.
• Kim, S., Park, D. S., & Lee, G. (2019). Effects of quadrupedal walking exercise on brain wave, balance, and gait function in stroke patients: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 31(5), 413-417.

3. Retraining of Spatial and Limb Awareness
   Specialized Techniques to Restore Proprioception and Spatial Awareness
   Benefits:

• Better Balance: Reduces risk of falls.
• Increased Independence: Enhances daily activity performance.
• Heightened Proprioception: Improves limb position awareness.

4. References:
    
• Kang, N., Lee, S., & Park, D. S. (2020). Effect of virtual reality-based rehabilitation on upper extremity function and proprioception in persons with stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 32(3), 222-227.
• Schaefer, S. Y., & Lang, C. E. (2020). Using repetitive sensory stimulation to improve sensorimotor function in chronic hemiparetic stroke: A pilot study. Journal of Neurophysiology, 123(2), 738-747.

4. Training from the Spastic Position to Regain Lost Function
   Starting Rehabilitation Exercises from Positions of Maximum Spasticity
   Benefits:

• Targeted Muscle Control: Enhances control over spastic muscles.
• Functional Improvement: Aids recovery of daily living skills.
• Adaptive Techniques: Facilitates effective movement despite spasticity.

5. References
    
• Picelli, A., Tamburin, S., Gajofatto, F., Zanette, G., & Smania, N. (2019). Pathophysiology of spasticity: Implications for neurorehabilitation. BioMed Research International, 2019, Article ID 3549064.
• Li, S. (2017). Spasticity, motor recovery, and neural plasticity after stroke. Frontiers in Neurology, 8, 120.

5. Muscle Isolating Techniques for Precision in Arm and Shoulder Movement
   Focusing on Isolating Specific Muscles to Improve Precision and Control
   Benefits:

• Enhanced Fine Motor Skills: Improves ability to perform detailed tasks.
• Better Muscle Activation: Strengthens muscles for targeted movements.
• Increased Range of Motion: Greater flexibility and movement.

6.  
• Arya, K. N., & Pandian, S. (2018). Interlimb neural coupling: Implications for poststroke hemiparesis. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 61(5), 338-345.
• Wu, C. Y., Yang, C. L., Chuang, L. L., & Lin, K. C. (2020). Effect of mirror therapy on motor and sensory recovery in chronic stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 101(7), 1101-1110.

6. Interhemispheric Training to Increase Disinhibition and Control from the Affected Hemisphere
   Reducing Interhemispheric Inhibition to Enhance Neural Activity
   Benefits:

• Improved Motor Function: Restores movement in affected limbs.
• Neural Reorganization: Promotes brain plasticity and recovery.
• Functional Independence: Increases ability to perform activities unaided.

7. References:
    
• Di Pino, G., Capone, F., Pellegrino, G., et al. (2018). Immediate and long-term plasticity of the human ipsilesional motor cortex after stroke with regard to fine hand motor skills. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 206.
• Takeuchi, N., & Izumi, S. (2020). Rehabilitation with poststroke motor recovery: A review with a focus on neural plasticity. Stroke Research and Treatment, 2020, Article ID 2492781.

• Arya, K. N., & Pandian, S. (2018). Interlimb neural coupling: Implications for poststroke hemiparesis. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 61(5), 338-345.
• Di Pino, G., Capone, F., Pellegrino, G., et al. (2018). Immediate and long-term plasticity of the human ipsilesional motor cortex after stroke with regard to fine hand motor skills. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 206.
• Gracies, J. M. (2020). Pathophysiology of spastic paresis. I: Paresis and soft tissue changes. Muscle & Nerve, 63(4), 423-432.
• Kang, N., Lee, S., & Park, D. S. (2020). Effect of virtual reality-based rehabilitation on upper extremity function and proprioception in persons with stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 32(3), 222-227.
• Kim, S., Park, D. S., & Lee, G. (2019). Effects of quadrupedal walking exercise on brain wave, balance, and gait function in stroke patients: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 31(5), 413-417.
• Li, S. (2017). Spasticity, motor recovery, and neural plasticity after stroke. Frontiers in Neurology, 8, 120.
• Picelli, A., Tamburin, S., Gajofatto, F., Zanette, G., & Smania, N. (2019). Pathophysiology of spasticity: Implications for neurorehabilitation. BioMed Research International, 2019, Article ID 3549064.
• Schaefer, S. Y., & Lang, C. E. (2020). Using repetitive sensory stimulation to improve sensorimotor function in chronic hemiparetic stroke: A pilot study. Journal of Neurophysiology, 123(2), 738-747.
• Takeuchi, N., & Izumi, S. (2020). Rehabilitation with poststroke motor recovery: A review with a focus on neural plasticity. Stroke Research and Treatment, 2020, Article ID 2492781.
• Thibaut, A., Chatelle, C., Ziegler, E., Bruno, M. A., Laureys, S., & Gosseries, O. (2019). Spasticity after stroke: Physiology, assessment and treatment. Brain Injury, 33(9), 1098-1110.
• Wu, C. Y., Yang, C. L., Chuang, L. L., & Lin, K. C. (2020). Effect of mirror therapy on motor and sensory recovery in chronic stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 101(7), 1101-1110.
• Yao, J., Zheng, Y., & Wang, N. (2021). Bilateral training in stroke rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 86, 45-53.